最近学习相关视频做了一个ssh课设，分享如下

首先建立一个动态web工程，名为keshe
添加所需要的jar包
antlr-2.7.7.jar
asm-3.3.jar
asm-commons-3.3.jar
asm-tree-3.3.jar
c3p0-0.9.1.2.jar
com.springsource.net.sf.cglib-2.2.0.jar
com.springsource.org.aopalliance-1.0.0.jar
com.springsource.org.aspectj.weaver-1.6.8.RELEASE.jar
commons-fileupload-1.3.jar
commons-io-2.0.1.jar
commons-lang3-3.1.jar
commons-logging-1.1.3.jar
dom4j-1.6.1.jar
freemarker-2.3.19.jar
hibernate-commons-annotations-4.0.2.Final.jar
hibernate-core-4.2.4.Final.jar
hibernate-jpa-2.0-api-1.0.1.Final.jar
javassist-3.15.0-GA.jar
jboss-logging-3.1.0.GA.jar
jboss-transaction-api_1.1_spec-1.0.1.Final.jar
log4j-1.2.17.jar
mysql-connector-java-5.1.7-bin.jar
ognl-3.0.6.jar
spring-aop-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-aspects-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-beans-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-context-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-core-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-expression-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-jdbc-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-orm-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-tx-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-web-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
spring-webmvc-4.0.0.RELEASE.jar
struts2-core-2.3.15.3.jar
struts2-spring-plugin-2.3.15.3.jar
xwork-core-2.3.15.3.jar
总体实现步骤

1. 加入 Spring

1). 加入 jar 包
2). 配置 web.xml 文件
加入listener
作用：①创建IOC容器的对应的对象
②将对象放入application对应的域中

<context-param>
		<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
		<param-value>classpath:applicationContext*.xml</param-value>
	</context-param>

	<listener>
		<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
	</listener>

3). 加入 Spring 的配置文件
创建conf源码包.
①在conf下创建spring配置文件
applicationContext.xml
加入XSD：aop、beans、context、tx

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-4.0.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd">

2. 加入 Hibernate

1). 同时建立持久化类, 和其对应的 .hbm.xml 文件, 生成对应的数据表
2). Spring 整合 Hibernate
3). 步骤:

①. 加入 jar 包
②. 在类路径下加入 hibernate.cfg.xml 文件, 在session-factory中配置 hibernate 的基本属性

    	<!-- 方言 -->
    	<property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5InnoDBDialect</property>
    	
    	<!-- 是否显示及格式化 SQL -->
    	<property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
    	<property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property>
    
    	<!-- 生成数据表的策略 -->
    	<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>

③. 建立持久化类, 和其对应的 .hbm.xml 文件以生成数据表
在src文件夹下创建com.keshe.ssh.entities包
在包下面创建Department.java和Employee.java
Department.java

package com.keshe.ssh.entities;

public class Department {
    

	private Integer id;
	private String departmentName;

	public Integer getId() {
    
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(Integer id) {
    
		this.id = id;
	}

	public String getDepartmentName() {
    
		return departmentName;
	}

	public void setDepartmentName(String departmentName) {
    
		this.departmentName = departmentName;
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
    
		return "Department [id=" + id + ", departmentName=" + departmentName
				+ "]";
	}

	
}

Employee.java

package com.keshe.ssh.entities;

import java.util.Date;

public class Employee {
    

	private Integer id;
	// 不能被修改
	private String lastName;
	private String email;
	private Date birth;
	// 从前端传入的是 String 类型, 所以需要注意转换
	// 不能被修改
	private Date createTime;
	// 不能被修改
	private Department department;
	// 单向 n-1 的关联关系

	public Integer getId() {
    
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(Integer id) {
    
		this.id = id;
	}

	public String getLastName() {
    
		return lastName;
	}

	public void setLastName(String lastName) {
    
		this.lastName = lastName;
	}

	public String getEmail() {
    
		return email;
	}

	public void setEmail(String email) {
    
		this.email = email;
	}

	public Date getBirth() {
    
		return birth;
	}

	public void setBirth(Date birth) {
    
		this.birth = birth;
	}

	public Date getCreateTime() {
    
		return createTime;
	}

	public void setCreateTime(Date createTime) {
    
		this.createTime = createTime;
	}

	public Department getDepartment() {
    
		return department;
	}

	public void setDepartment(Department department) {
    
		this.department = department;
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
    
		return "Employee [id=" + id + ", lastName=" + lastName + ", email="
				+ email + ", birth=" + birth + ", createTime=" + createTime
				+ ", department=" + department + "]";
	}

	
}

生成对应的hbm.xml文件
Department.hbm.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<!-- Generated 2014-7-22 11:21:48 by Hibernate Tools 3.4.0.CR1 -->
<hibernate-mapping>
	<!-- 生成表SSH_DEPARTMEN -->
    <class name="com.keshe.ssh.entities.Department" table="SSH_DEPARTMENT">
      
        <id name="id" type="java.lang.Integer">
            <column name="ID" />
            <generator class="native" />
        </id>
      
        <property name="departmentName" type="java.lang.String">
            <column name="DEPARTMENT_NAME" />
        </property>
        
    </class>
</hibernate-mapping>

Employee.hbm.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<!-- Generated 2014-7-22 11:21:48 by Hibernate Tools 3.4.0.CR1 -->
<hibernate-mapping>
    <class name="com.keshe.ssh.entities.Employee" table="SSH_EMPLOYEE">
        
        <id name="id" type="java.lang.Integer">
            <column name="ID" />
            <generator class="native" />
        </id>
        
        <property name="lastName" type="java.lang.String">
            <column name="LAST_NAME" />
        </property>
        
        <property name="email" type="java.lang.String">
            <column name="EMAIL" />
        </property>
        
        <property name="birth" type="java.util.Date">
            <column name="BIRTH" />
        </property>
        
        <property name="createTime" type="java.util.Date">
            <column name="CREATE_TIME" />
        </property>
        
        <!-- 映射单向 n-1 的关联关系 -->
        <many-to-one name="department" class="com.keshe.ssh.entities.Department">
            <column name="DEPARTMENT_ID" />
        </many-to-one>
        
    </class>
</hibernate-mapping>

④. 和 Spring 进行整合

i. 加入 c3p0 和 MySQL 的驱动
c3p0-0.9.1.2.jar
mysql-connector-java-5.1.7-bin.jar
创建db.properties

jdbc.user=root
jdbc.password=root
jdbc.driverClass=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
jdbc.jdbcUrl=jdbc:mysql:///ssh
jdbc.initPoolSize=5
jdbc.maxPoolSize=10

ii. 在 Spring 的配置文件中配置: 数据源, SessionFactory, 声明式事务
在applicationContext.xml下加入相关配置

<!-- 导入资源文件 -->
	<context:property-placeholder location="classpath:db.properties"/>

	<!-- 配置 C3P0 数据源 -->
	<bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource">
		<property name="user" value="${jdbc.user}"></property>
		<property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"></property>
		<property name="driverClass" value="${jdbc.driverClass}"></property>
		<property name="jdbcUrl" value="${jdbc.jdbcUrl}"></property>
		
		<property name="initialPoolSize" value="${jdbc.initPoolSize}"></property>
		<property name="maxPoolSize" value="${jdbc.maxPoolSize}"></property>
	</bean>
	
	<!-- 配置 SessionFactory -->
	<bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
		<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property>
		<property name="configLocation" value="classpath:hibernate.cfg.xml"></property>
		<property name="mappingLocations" value="classpath:com/keshe/ssh/entities/*.hbm.xml"></property>
	</bean>
	<!-- 配置 Spring 的声明式事务 -->
	<!-- 1. 配置 hibernate 的事务管理器 -->
	<bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.HibernateTransactionManager">
		<property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"></property>
	</bean>

	<!-- 2. 配置事务属性 -->
	<tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="transactionManager">
		<tx:attributes>
			<tx:method name="get*" read-only="true"/>
			<tx:method name="lastNameIsValid" read-only="true"/>
			<tx:method name="*"/>
		</tx:attributes>
	</tx:advice>
	
	<!-- 3. 配置事务切入点, 再把事务属性和事务切入点关联起来 -->
	<aop:config>
		<aop:pointcut expression="execution(* com.keshe.ssh.service.*.*(..))" id="txPointcut"/>
		<aop:advisor advice-ref="txAdvice" pointcut-ref="txPointcut"/>
	</aop:config>

建立com.keshe.ssh.service包，方便后续整合
⑤.SessionFactory配置好后就可以 启动项目了, 会在配置的数据库中看到生成对应的数据表，并加入数据

3. 加入 Struts2实现第一个功能：查询所有员工信息

1). 加入 jar 包: 若有重复的 jar 包, 则需要删除版本较低的
2). 在 web.xml 文件中配置 Struts2 的 过滤器

<!-- 配置Struts2的过滤器 -->
	<filter>
    <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
    <filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
  </filter>
  <filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
  </filter-mapping>

3). 加入 Struts2 的配置文件struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
	"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.3//EN"
	"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.3.dtd">

<struts>

    <constant name="struts.enable.DynamicMethodInvocation" value="false" />
    <constant name="struts.devMode" value="true" />

    <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">
    
    </package>

</struts>

4). 整合 Spring
①. 加入 Struts2 的 Spring 插件的 jar 包
struts2-spring-plugin-2.3.24.jar
②. 在 Spring 的配置文件中正常配置 Action, 注意 Action 的 scope 为 prototype（因为spring 默认scope 是单例模式，这样只会创建一个Action对象。
每次访问都是同一个Action对象，数据不安全。而struts2 是要求每次访问都对应不同的Action，scope=“prototype” 可以保证当有请求的时候都创建一个Action对象）
创建applicationContext-beans.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
		
	<bean id="employeeAction" class="com.keshe.ssh.actions.EmployeeAction"
		scope="prototype">
		<property name="employeeService" ref="employeeService"></property>	
		<property name="departmentService" ref="departmentService"></property>
	</bean>

</beans>

建立com.keshe.ssh.actions包，并创建EmployeeAction.java

package com.keshe.ssh.actions;

public class EmployeeAction {
    
	
}

在Struts.xml中配置action，在package中加入

 <action name="emp-*" class="employeeAction"
        	method="{1}">
        	<result name="list">/WEB-INF/views/emp-list.jsp</result>
        	
        </action>

创建index.jsp，用来跳转到指定功能

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
	
	<a href="emp-list">List All Employees</a>
	
	<br><br>
	
	<a href="emp-input">Add New Employee</a>
	
</body>
</html>

修改EmployeeAction.java

package com.keshe.ssh.actions;

import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;


public class EmployeeAction extends ActionSupport implements RequestAware,
 ModelDriven<Employee>, Preparable{
    

	/**
	 * 
	 */
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

	public String list() {
    
		request.put("employees", employeeService.getAll());
		return "list";
	}
}

创建dao层与service层
创建com.keshe.ssh.dao
创建BaseDao.java

package com.keshe.ssh.dao;

import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;

public class BaseDao {
    
	
	private SessionFactory sessionFactory;
	
	public void setSessionFactory(SessionFactory sessionFactory) {
    
		this.sessionFactory = sessionFactory;
	}
	
	public Session getSession(){
    
		return this.sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
	}
	
}

创建EmployeeDao.java

package com.keshe.ssh.dao;

import java.util.List;

import org.hibernate.Query;

import com.keshe.ssh.entities.Employee;

public class EmployeeDao extends BaseDao{
    
	
	public List<Employee> getAll(){
    
		//使用迫切左外连接同时初始化其关联的 Department 对象. 
		String hql = "FROM Employee e LEFT OUTER JOIN FETCH e.department";
		return getSession().createQuery(hql).list();
	}
	
}

在service层创建EmployeeService.java

package com.keshe.ssh.service;

import java.util.List;

import com.keshe.ssh.dao.EmployeeDao;
import com.keshe.ssh.entities.Employee;

public class EmployeeService {
    
	
	private EmployeeDao employeeDao;
	
	public void setEmployeeDao(EmployeeDao employeeDao) {
    
		this.employeeDao = employeeDao;
	}
	
	public List<Employee> getAll(){
    
		List<Employee> employees = employeeDao.getAll();
//		employees.clear();
		return employees;
	}

}

在actions层中的EmployeeAction.java中添加代码

package com.keshe.ssh.actions;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.struts2.interceptor.RequestAware;

import com.keshe.ssh.entities.Employee;
import com.keshe.ssh.service.DepartmentService;
import com.keshe.ssh.service.EmployeeService;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ModelDriven;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.Preparable;

public class EmployeeAction extends ActionSupport implements RequestAware,
 ModelDriven<Employee>, Preparable{
    

	/**
	 * 
	 */
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

	private EmployeeService employeeService;

	public void setEmployeeService(EmployeeService employeeService) {
    
		this.employeeService = employeeService;
	}

	public String list() {
    
		request.put("employees", employeeService.getAll());
		return "list";
	}

	private Integer id;

	public void setId(Integer id) {
    
		this.id = id;
	}

	private Map<String, Object> request;

	@Override
	public void setRequest(Map<String, Object> arg0) {
    
		this.request = arg0;
	}

}

在applicationContext-beans.xml中添加beans

	<bean id="employeeDao" class="com.keshe.ssh.dao.EmployeeDao">
		<property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"></property>
	</bean>
	<bean id="employeeService" class="com.keshe.ssh.service.EmployeeService">
		<property name="employeeDao" ref="employeeDao"></property>
	</bean>
	<bean id="employeeAction" class="com.keshe.ssh.actions.EmployeeAction"
		scope="prototype">
		<property name="employeeService" ref="employeeService"></property>	
	</bean>

在Struts.xml中添加结果
在action中添加

<result name="list">/WEB-INF/views/emp-list.jsp</result>

在WEB-INF下创建views文件夹，创建emp-list.jsp

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
    
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
	
	<h4>Employee List Page</h4>
	
	<s:if test="#request.employees == null || #request.employees.size() == 0">
		没有任何员工信息
	</s:if>
	<s:else>
		<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0">
			<tr>
				<td>ID</td>
				<td>LASTNAME</td>
				<td>EMAIL</td>
				<td>BIRTH</td>
				<td>CREATETIME</td>
				<td>DEPT</td>
			</tr>
			<s:iterator value="#request.employees">
				<tr>
					<td>${
    id }</td>
					<td>${
    lastName }</td>
					<td>${
    email }</td>
					<td>
						<s:date name="birth" format="yyyy-MM-dd"/>
					</td>
					<td>
						<s:date name="birth" format="yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss"/>
					</td>
					<td>${
    department.departmentName }</td>
				</tr>
			</s:iterator>
		</table>
	</s:else>
		
</body>
</html>

注意：在 Struts2 的配置文件中配置 Action 时, class 属性指向该 Action 在 IOC 中的 id

到此时，运行项目，即可获取员工的所有信息

遇到主要问题： 获取所有的员工信息: 若在 Dao 中只查询 Employee 的信息, 而且 Employee 和 Department 还是使用的懒加载. 页面上还需要显示
员工信息, 此时会出现懒加载异常, 代理对象不能被初始化
解决:
获取 Employee 时使用 迫切左外连接同时初始化其关联的 Department 对象.